Packaged leds with phosphor films, and associated systems and methods

ABSTRACT

Packaged LEDs with phosphor films, and associated systems and methods are disclosed. A system in accordance with a particular embodiment of the disclosure includes a support member having a support member bond site, an LED carried by the support member and having an LED bond site, and a wire bond electrically connected between the support member bond site and the LED bond site. The system can further include a phosphor film carried by the LED and the support member, the phosphor film being positioned to receive light from the LED at a first wavelength and emit light at a second wavelength different than the first. The phosphor film can be positioned in direct contact with the wire bond at the LED bond site.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure is directed generally to packaged light emitting diodes (LEDs) with phosphor films, and associated systems and methods.

BACKGROUND

LEDs are increasingly in demand for many purposes because such devices efficiently produce high-intensity, high-quality light. For example, mobile phones, personal digital assistants, digital cameras, MP3 players, and other portable devices use LEDs or other solid state lighting devices to produce white light for background illumination. LEDs may also be used in applications other than electronic devices, for example, in ceiling panels, desk lamps, refrigerator lights, table lamps, streets lights, automobile headlights, and other instances in which lighting is necessary or desirable.

One challenge associated with producing LEDs is containing production costs in a manner that allows LEDs to be priced competitively with other more conventional lighting sources. Because a significant fraction of the cost of an LED is attributed to the process for making the LED, manufacturers have attempted to reduce processing costs. One aspect of the processing costs relates to the use of phosphor in a packaged LED system. In particular, typical LEDs emit blue light, while many applications require or at least benefit from softer colored or white light. Accordingly, manufacturers coat such LEDs with a phosphor that absorbs a portion of the emitted blue light and re-emits the light as yellow light, producing a composite light emission that is white or at least approximately white.

Existing processes for providing a phosphor region in the emitted light path of an LED can add significantly to the cost of the LED. One such process includes placing the LED in a cavity or recess of a supporting substrate, and then filling the cavity with phosphor. Another approach includes placing the LED on a flat substrate and then building a dam around the LED and filling the interior region with phosphor. Still another approach includes depositing a phosphor layer directly on the LED die and then removing part of the phosphor to expose the underlying bond pads, thus allowing electrical connections to be made to the die. While the foregoing processes have resulted in LEDs that produce suitable light emission characteristics, they all contribute to the cost of the LED. Accordingly, there remains a need in the industry for an improved, low-cost processing technique.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a partially schematic, cross-sectional side view of components of an LED system configured in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a partially schematic, cross-sectional side view of the components shown in FIG. 1, joined to form a package in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 3A is a flow diagram illustrating a process for forming a phosphor film in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 3B is a flow diagram illustrating a process for forming a multi-layer phosphor film in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a partially schematic, cross-sectional exploded side view of a package having a multi-layer phosphor film in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a partially schematic illustration of multiple methods for forming LED packages in accordance with further embodiments of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Aspects of the present disclosure are directed generally to packaged light emitting diodes (LEDs) with phosphor films, and associated systems and methods. Specific details of several embodiments of the disclosure are described below with reference to particular LEDs to provide a thorough understanding of these embodiments. In other embodiments, aspects of the present disclosure can be used in conjunction with LEDs having other configurations. Several details describing structures or processees that are well-known and often associated with LEDs, but that may unnecessarily obscure some significant aspects of the present disclosure are not set forth in the following description for purposes of clarity. Moreover, although the following disclosure sets forth several embodiments of different aspects of the invention, several other embodiments can have different configurations, different components, and/or different processees or steps than those described in this section. Accordingly, the invention may have other embodiments with additional elements, and/or without several of the elements described below with reference to FIGS. 1-5.

FIG. 1 is a partially schematic, cross-sectional side view of an LED system 100 that includes components that are combined to form a package 101 in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. These components can include a support member 140 carrying an LED 130, and a phosphor film 110 optionally supported by a carrier 120. The phosphor film 110 is conformal, and is attached to the LED 130 and the support member 140 after the LED 130 is connected to the support member 140 with wire bonds 104. Further details of this arrangement and associated processes are described below.

In a particular embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the support member 140 is formed from a ceramic or other suitable substrate material, and has a first (e.g., upwardly facing) surface 143 a and a second (e.g., downwardly facing) surface 143 b. Each support member 140 further includes first and second support member bond sites 141 a, 141 b (e.g., bond pads) that provide for electrical communication to and/or from the LED 130. Accordingly, each of the support member bond sites 141 a, 141 b is connected to corresponding package bond site 102 a, 102 b by a corresponding via 142 or other electrically conductive structure. The first and second packages bond sites 102 a, 102 b are accessible from outside the package 101 to facilitate physical and electrical connections between the package 101 and external devices (not shown in FIG. 1).

The support member 140 carries the LED 130, e.g., at the first support member surface 143 a. The LED 130 can include a first LED bond site 131 a and a second LED bond site 131 b. The second LED bond site 131 b can face toward and be electrically connected directly to the second support member bond site 141 b. In another embodiment, the second LED bond site 131 b can face away from the second support member bond site 141 b, and can be connected to the second support member bond site 141 b with a wire bond. In either embodiment, the first LED bond site 131 a can be electrically connected to the first support member bond site 141 a with a wire bond 104. In a particular aspect of an embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the package 101 can also include an electrostatic discharge (ESD) die 103 that provides protection for the LED 130 and that is also electrically connected to the first support member bond site 141 a with a wire bond 104, and to the second support member bond site 141 b with a suitable backside surface-to-surface connection. In other embodiments, the ESD die 103 can be omitted.

In an embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the LED 130 has an upwardly facing active surface 132 through which light (e.g., blue light) is emitted. The phosphor film 110 is positioned over the active surface 132 to alter the characteristics of the light directed away from the package 101. Accordingly, the phosphor film 110 can include a matrix material 111 having a distribution of phosphor elements 112. The phosphor elements 112 receive light from the LED 130 and emit the light at a different wavelength, for example, to produce a composite emitted light that is white rather than blue.

In a particular embodiment, the phosphor film 110 is formed from a self-supporting, shape-retaining yet pliant or conformable material. For example, the matrix material 111 of the phosphor film 110 can include a partially cured (e.g., b-stage) epoxy material that has enough strength to be handled when in film form, but which can conform to the LED and associated features when heated. During processing, the phosphor film 110 is brought into contact with the LED 130 and the support member 140, as indicated by arrows C, and heated to form an assembled unit described later with reference to FIG. 2. The matrix material 111 can soften due to the heat, allowing the phosphor film 110 to conform to the LED 130 and to the wire bonds 104 that connect the LED 130 to the support member 140. In a particular embodiment, the matrix material 111 is sufficiently compliant at elevated temperatures to conform, flow or otherwise deform around the wire bonds 104, without displacing, distorting, disturbing, or otherwise changing the location and/or shape of the wire bonds 104. Accordingly, the LED 130 can be wire bonded to the support member 140 prior to adding the phosphor film 110, without the phosphor film 110 disturbing the integrity of the wire bonds 104.

The matrix material 111 is also selected to be at least partially (and in particular embodiments, completely) transparent to radiation emitted by the LED 130 and the film 110. For example, in cases for which the LED emits blue light and the phosphor elements 112 emit yellow light, the matrix material 111 is selected to be generally transparent to both wavelengths. In certain embodiments, the film 110 can include multiple phosphor elements 112 with different phosphor elements selected to emit light at corresponding different wavelengths. In other embodiments, the package 101 can include multiple film layers 110, each having phosphor elements 112 that emit light at a corresponding different wavelength. In any of these embodiments, the matrix material 111 can be selected to be at least partially (and in particular embodiments, completely) transparent to one or more (e.g., all) the emitted wavelengths.

In a particular embodiment, the phosphor film 110 is strong enough to withstand routine microelectronic device handling techniques as a standalone unit. In other embodiments, the phosphor film 110 can be attached to the carrier 120, which can be rigid or semi-rigid so as to provide additional support to the phosphor film during the manufacturing process. Accordingly, the phosphor film 110 can include a first surface 113 a facing toward the LED 130 and the support member 140, and a second surface 113 b facing opposite from the first surface 113 a and attached to the carrier 120. The carrier 120 is typically stiffer and/or more rigid than the phosphor film 120 to provide additional support. In a particular embodiment, the carrier 120 can include a generally flat, generally rigid, and generally transparent material that provides support to the phosphor film 110 without affecting the transmission of light away from the LED 130. For example, the carrier 120 can include a flat layer of glass that is transparent to radiation (e.g., light, and in particular embodiments, visible light). In other embodiments, the carrier 120 can include features that do affect the light emitted by the LED 130. For example, the carrier 120 can include a lens portion 121 that redirects light emitted from the LED 130. In another embodiment, the carrier 120 can include additional phosphor elements 112 beyond those present in the phosphor film 110. If the carrier 120 includes phosphor elements, the concentration of phosphor elements in the carrier 120 is generally less than the concentration of phosphor elements 112 in the phosphor film 110. The carrier 120 can be fixedly attached to the film 110, and can form a permanent part of the package 101. In other embodiments, the carrier can be released from the film 110 after the film 110 is attached to the LED 130 and the support member 140.

FIG. 2 illustrates the package 101 after the phosphor film 110 has been brought into contact with the LED 130 and the substrate 140. During the manufacturing process, heat 105 is applied to the elements of the package 101, allowing the phosphor film 110 to soften and conform to the wire bonds 104, the LED 130, the ESD die 103 (if present), and/or other features that may project from or be recessed from the first surface 143 a of the substrate 140. Accordingly, the phosphor film 110 can completely surround, encapsulate, and/or otherwise accommodate the wire bonds 104 at the first LED bond site 131 a, the first support member bond site 141 a, and/or locations of the wire bond 104 between the two bond sites 113 a, 141 a. The entire package 101 can then be fully cured to harden the phosphor film 110 in the shape and position shown in FIG. 2, with the phosphor film 110 adhered to the LED 130 and the substrate 140.

FIG. 3A is a schematic block diagram illustrating a process 300 a for forming a phosphor film 110 in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. In one aspect of this embodiment, a matrix material 111 (e.g., a softened, liquid, or otherwise flowable or malleable epoxy or other material) is combined with phosphor elements 112 to form a mixture 114. The phosphor elements 112 can be uniformly distributed in the matrix material 111. Thereafter, the mixture 114 can be shaped or otherwise manipulated to produce the phosphor film 110 in accordance with any of a variety of suitable techniques. Such techniques can include a spin-on process, a squeegee process, or another process that produces a phosphor film 110 having a uniform thickness. The phosphor film 110 can then be partially cured prior to being applied to the LED, as described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2.

FIG. 3B illustrates another process 300 b for forming a phosphor film 310 in accordance with multiple further embodiments. In these embodiments, the phosphor elements need not be distributed uniformly in the matrix material. For example, the process can include forming a matrix film layer 115 a from the matrix material 111, using any of the film-forming processees described above. The matrix material 111 can accordingly have the adhesive and pliancy characteristics described above. The phosphor elements can then be disposed directly on the matrix film layer 115 a using a phosphor deposition process (shown in block 116). In an alternative embodiment, the phosphor elements can themselves be formed into a separate, phosphor film layer 115 b, also using any of the foregoing techniques described above. In this embodiment, the phosphor film layer 115 b is then attached to the matrix film layer 115 a. In either of the foregoing embodiments, the result is a multi-layer phosphor film 310 having a nonuniform distribution of phosphor elements.

FIG. 4 is a partially schematic, exploded elevation view of a package 401 having a multi-layer phosphor film 310, e.g., formed using any of the techniques described above with reference to FIG. 3B. The multi-layer phosphor film 310 can include the first layer 115 a formed from a matrix material, and the second layer 115 b formed from phosphor elements 112. As discussed above, the phosphor elements 112 and/or sets of phosphor elements 112 can be selected to emit radiation at one or more than one wavelength. The phosphor elements 112 are concentrated in a region that is directly adjacent to the LED 130. As discussed above with reference to FIG. 1, the multi-layer phosphor film 310 can be self supporting or not self supporting, and in either embodiment, can include a carrier 420 to provide additional support. In an embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the carrier 420 does not include a lens portion. In other embodiments, the carrier 420 can include a lens portion, e.g., similar to the lens portion 121 described above with reference to FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is a partially schematic illustration of different techniques for applying the phosphor film to the LED in accordance with several embodiments of the disclosure. In a particular embodiment, the phosphor film 510 can be formed directly on a carrier wafer 520 and can be sized to provide coverage for a multitude of LEDs. In one aspect of this embodiment, the carrier wafer 520 and the film 510 can be diced together to form film elements 516. Individual film elements 516 are then individually placed on corresponding substrates 140 (one of which is shown in FIG. 5) using a conventional pick-and-place process. In another embodiment, the wafer carrier 520 and the film 510 can be diced after being attached to the corresponding LEDs. For example, the wafer carrier 520 and the associated film 510 can be attached directly to an LED wafer 133, having LEDs that are already wire bonded to pre-patterned or otherwise formed electrical lines in the LED wafer 133 itself. After the film 510 and the carrier wafer 520 have been attached to the LED wafer 133, the entire assembly can be diced or singulated to produce individual packages, e.g., having a configuration similar to that shown in FIG. 2.

In another embodiment, different phosphor films (e.g., phosphor films having different concentrations, distributions and/or types of phosphor elements) can be applied to singulated LEDs to account for differences in the output (e.g., color of the emitted light) produced by the LEDs. For example, individual LEDs typically have somewhat different emitted light characteristics due to variations in the associated manufacturing processes and are accordingly “binned” so that LEDs with similar light characteristics are grouped together. LEDs from different bins can receive phosphor films that have different phosphor characteristics to differentially adjust the light output of the resulting package. Using this technique, LEDs from different bins can be packaged so as to produce the same or nearly the same light output, and/or LEDs within a bin can be packaged to conform to other LEDs within the bin. An advantage of this technique is that it can reduce or eliminate the number of bins used to categorize LEDs, and/or improve the uniformity of LEDs within a bin.

One feature of at least some embodiments described above with reference to FIGS. 1-5 is that they can include a pre-formed, phosphor-containing film that is placed on a corresponding LED (at the wafer level or the individual die level) after the LED has been wire bonded to a suitable support structure. Because the phosphor elements are carried by a film, they need not be deposited directly on the LED in a liquid or other form. As a result, the support member need not include a cavity, recess, dam, or other containment feature that contains and/or confines the phosphor elements. In addition, it is expected that in at least some embodiments, the distribution of phosphor elements, once applied to the LED, will be more uniform than the distribution obtained with conventional techniques.

Another advantage of embodiments of the foregoing process is that, because the film is compliant, it can conform to the shape of the underlying wire bonds, without further processing. In particular, the conformal nature of the film can eliminate the need to cut grooves or recesses in the film to accommodate the wire bonds. Accordingly, the process can require fewer steps than are used in some conventional techniques. Embodiments of the process can also eliminate the need to lay down a separate layer that covers the wire bonds, prior to disposing the phosphor elements on the LED, which is a process used in other conventional techniques. This feature allows the phosphor in the film 110 to be positioned directly adjacent to the LED 130, e.g., directly adjacent to the active surface 132. Still further, the phosphor elements can be added to the film prior to engaging a film with the LEDs. This feature allows the film to be manufactured entirely separately from the LED dies, e.g., in parallel with manufacturing and processing the dies. This arrangement can reduce the flow time required to package a die and can allow the dies and films to be formed or stockpiled separately, which reduces the likelihood for bottlenecks to form in the overall manufacturing process. The foregoing features, alone or in combination, can reduce the time and expense associated with packaging the die and, accordingly, can reduce the cost of the resulting die package.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the disclosure have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the disclosure. For example, the matrix material can include other compositions (e.g., other than epoxy), that also provide support for the phosphor elements, and that have adhesive characteristics to facilitate bonding to the LED and/or the support member. Such materials can include, but are not limited to, solid state, partially cured thermoset adhesive materials, of which b-stage epoxy is one example. The LEDs can have shapes, sizes, and/or other characteristics different than those shown in the Figures. Certain aspects of the disclosure described in the context of particular embodiments may be combined or eliminated in other embodiments. For example, the carrier 120 shown in FIG. 1 may be eliminated in some embodiments, and may be combined with the phosphor film shown in FIG. 4 in other embodiments. Further, while advantages associated with certain embodiments have been described in the context of those embodiments, other embodiments may also exhibit such advantages. Not all embodiments need necessarily exhibit such advantages to fall within the scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the disclosure and associated technology can encompass other embodiments not expressly shown or described herein. 

1. An LED system, comprising: a support member having a support member bond site; an LED carried by the support member and having an LED bond site; a wire bond electrically connected between the support member bond site and the LED site; and a phosphor film carried by the LED and the support member, the phosphor film being positioned to receive light from the LED at a first wavelength and emit light at a second wavelength different than the first, the phosphor film being positioned in direct contact with the wire bond at the LED bond site.
 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the support member has a generally flat surface on which the LED is carried, and wherein the surface does not include a feature to contain the phosphor film.
 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the support member has a generally flat surface on which the LED is carried, and wherein the surface does not include a cavity in which the LED is positioned.
 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the phosphor film is bonded to the LED and the support member.
 5. The system of claim 1 wherein the phosphor film includes a matrix material and multiple phosphor elements, and wherein the phosphor elements are generally uniformly distributed in the matrix material.
 6. The system of claim 5 wherein the matrix material is generally transparent to light emitted by the LED.
 7. The system of claim 1 wherein the phosphor film has a first surface in contact with the LED and a second surface facing away from the first surface, and wherein a concentration of phosphor elements in the film is greater toward the first surface than toward the second surface.
 8. The system of claim 1, further comprising a rigid or semi-rigid carrier attached to the phosphor film, the carrier being transparent to light at the second wavelength.
 9. The system of claim 8 wherein the carrier includes a lens portion positioned to affect radiation emitted by the LED.
 10. The system of claim 1 wherein the LED includes an LED bond pad, and wherein the film is positioned in direct contact with the LED and with a portion of the wire bond at the LED bond pad.
 11. The system of claim 1 wherein the film entirely surrounds an outer surface of the wire bond at least one position along a length of the wire bond.
 12. The system of claim 1 wherein the wire bond is encapsulated by the film at a location spaced apart from the LED bond site.
 13. The system of claim 1 wherein the LED has an active surface positioned to pass light emitted by the LED, and wherein the phosphor film is in direct contact with the active surface.
 14. An LED system, comprising: a support member having a support member bond pad; an LED carried by the support member and having an LED bond pad; a wire bond electrically connected between the support member bond pad and the LED bond pad; a carrier; and a phosphor film positioned between the LED and the carrier to receive light from the LED at a first wavelength and emit light at a second wavelength different than the first, the phosphor film conforming to and encapsulating at least a portion of the wire bond, the carrier being transparent to light at the second wavelength.
 15. The system of claim 14 wherein a concentration of phosphor in the phosphor film is greater than a phosphor concentration, if any, in the transparent rigid carrier.
 16. The system of claim 14 wherein the phosphor film has a first surface in contact with the LED and a second surface in contact with the carrier, and wherein a concentration of phosphor elements in the film is greater toward the first surface than toward the second surface.
 17. The system of claim 14 wherein the carrier includes a lens positioned to collect and affect light emitted by the LED.
 18. The system of claim 14 wherein carrier has a first composition that includes glass and the phosphor film has a second composition that includes epoxy.
 19. A phosphor film system, comprising: a compliant, generally transparent matrix material film forming a first layer; and a distribution of phosphor elements forming a second layer, the second layer being in surface-to-surface contact with the first layer.
 20. The system of claim 19 wherein a concentration of phosphor in the second layer is greater than a phosphor concentration, if any, in the first layer.
 21. The system of claim 19, further comprising a generally rigid, generally transparent carrier attached to the film.
 22. The system of claim 21 wherein the second layer is positioned between the first layer and the carrier.
 23. The system of claim 19 wherein the matrix material includes a solid state, partially cured thermoset adhesive material.
 24. A phosphor film system, comprising: a film having a compliant, light-transparent matrix material and a distribution of phosphor elements; and a rigid or semi-rigid, light-transparent carrier attached to the film.
 25. The phosphor film system of claim 24 wherein the matrix materials has a first composition and the carrier has a second composition different than the first composition.
 26. The phosphor film system of claim 25 wherein the first composition includes glass and the second composition includes a partially cured epoxy.
 27. The phosphor film system of claim 24 wherein a concentration of phosphor in the film is greater than a phosphor concentration, if any, in the generally rigid carrier.
 28. The phosphor film system of claim 24 wherein the phosphor elements actively respond to radiation at a first wavelength and emit radiation at a second wavelength different than the first wavelength, and wherein the carrier is generally transparent to both the first and second wavelengths.
 29. The phosphor film system of claim 24 wherein the film has a first stiffness and wherein the carrier has a second stiffness greater than the first stiffness.
 30. The phosphor film system of claim 24 wherein the film includes a first layer of matrix material, and a second layer of phosphor elements disposed in surface-to-surface contact with the first layer of matrix material.
 31. The phosphor film system of claim 19 wherein the matrix material and the carrier are transparent to visible light.
 32. A method for manufacturing an LED system, comprising: mounting an LED to a support member; electrically connecting the LED to the support member with a wire bond; conforming a pre-formed phosphor film to the wire bond over at least a portion of the wire bond between the LED and the support member; and attaching the phosphor film to the LED and the support member.
 33. The method of claim 32 wherein conforming a pre-formed phosphor film includes heating a partially cured phosphor film and surrounding at least a portion of the wire bond with the phosphor film, and wherein attaching the phosphor film includes further curing the phosphor film.
 34. The method of claim 32 wherein the LED is one of multiple LED dies forming at least a portion of an LED wafer, and wherein attaching the phosphor film to the LED includes attaching the film to multiple dies of the wafer prior to dicing the dies from the wafer.
 35. The method of claim 32 wherein the phosphor film includes a first layer of matrix material, and a second layer of phosphor elements disposed in surface-to-surface contact with the first layer of matrix material when the phosphor film is conformed to the wire bond.
 36. The method of claim 32 wherein conforming a pre-formed phosphor film includes conforming the preformed phosphor film after the LED has been singulated from an LED wafer.
 37. The method of claim 32 wherein conforming a pre-formed phosphor film includes conforming the preformed phosphor film before the LED has been singulated from an LED wafer.
 38. The method of claim 32 wherein conforming a pre-formed phosphor film includes conforming the phosphor film while it is attached to a carrier having a stiffness greater than a stiffness of the phosphor film, and a composition different than a composition of the phosphor film.
 39. The method of claim 38 wherein the carrier includes a lens portion positioned to redirect light emitted by the LED.
 40. The method of claim 32 wherein attaching the phosphor film includes attaching the phosphor film without containing a flow of phosphor elements with a containment structure at the LED.
 41. The method of claim 32, further comprising forming the phosphor film by: mixing phosphor elements with a matrix material; and at least partially curing the matrix material.
 42. The method of claim 32 wherein the LED is a first LED having a first output characteristic, the support member is a first support member, the wire bond is a first wire bond and the phosphor film is a first phosphor film having first phosphor characteristics, and wherein the method further comprises: mounting a second LED to a second support member, the second LED having a second output characteristic different than the first; electronically connecting the second LED to the second support member with a second wire bond; conforming a second pre-formed phosphor film to the second wire bond over at least a portion of the wire bond between the second LED and the second support member, the second phosphor film having a second phosphor characteristic different than the first phosphor characteristic to at least partially compensate for the difference between the first output characteristic and the second output characteristic; and attaching the second phosphor film to the second LED and the second support member.
 43. The method of claim 42 wherein the first output characteristic is a first color characteristic and wherein the second output characteristic is a second color characteristic different than the first color characteristic.
 44. The method of claim 43 wherein the first color characteristic is a first wavelength and the second color characteristic is a second wavelength different than the first wavelength. 